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{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UsingUUID}}
 
{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UsingUUID}}
 
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:UsingUUID}}
 
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:UsingUUID}}
−
Since Edgy, Ubuntu requires the use of '''UUID''' (Universally Unique Identifier) or '''LABEL''' (for filesystems including swap), or udev-created symlinks (for removable media like CDROMs and USB drives).  Directly using <code><nowiki>/dev/hd*</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>/dev/sd*</nowiki></code> is no longer supported (since these device assignments can change from boot to boot):
+
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconDisks.png%7D%7D Linux now prefers to use '''UUID''' (Universally Unique Identifier), '''LABEL''', or symlinks to identify media storage devices on a system.  Directly using <code><nowiki>/dev/hd*#</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>/dev/sd*#</nowiki></code> is no longer preferred since these device assignments can change between system boots:
−
* all filesystems should be specified by <code><nowiki>UUID=</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>LABEL=</nowiki></code>
+
* all filesystems should be specified by <code><nowiki>UUID=<id></nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>LABEL=<name></nowiki></code> for each partition.
−
* all physical devices should be specified by a symlink (e.g. <code><nowiki>/dev/cdrom</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>/dev/disk/by-id/...</nowiki></code>, etc.)
+
* all physical devices should be specified by a symlink, like <code><nowiki>/dev/cdrom</nowiki></code> for a cd drive and <code><nowiki>/dev/disk/by-id/...</nowiki></code> for each physical hard drive.
−
The files for which this is most critical are:
+
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=PicDocs.png%7D%7D The files for which UUID is most critical:
 
* <code><nowiki>/boot/grub/menu.lst</nowiki></code>
 
* <code><nowiki>/boot/grub/menu.lst</nowiki></code>
 
* <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code>
 
* <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code>
 
* <code><nowiki>/etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume</nowiki></code>
 
* <code><nowiki>/etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume</nowiki></code>
−
==== Finding ====
+
This page uses the terminal a lot, so if you are new to this, see [[UbuntuHelp:UsingTheTerminal]].
−
UUIDs can be determined using the <code><nowiki>vol_id</nowiki></code> command.  For example, to find the UUID for the filesystem on <code><nowiki>/dev/sda1</nowiki></code>:
+
== Finding UUIDs ==
 +
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png%7D%7D UUIDs can be determined using the <code><nowiki>vol_id</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>blkid</nowiki></code> commands.  The first command is used on individual partitions, the second command lists for all attached devices (mounted or not).
 +
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=example.png%7D%7D Here are examples (your output will be different, but similarly formatted).  The command:
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
−
$ sudo /sbin/vol_id -u /dev/sda1
+
sudo vol_id -u /dev/sda2
−
79415992-7093-4a0e-a2e5-4574ed702d05
+
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
−
Symlinks created by udev can be found by searching for the target device in <code><nowiki>/dev</nowiki></code>.  For example, to find <code><nowiki>/dev/sda1</nowiki></code>:
+
(for an ext3 filesystem) produces an output similar to:
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
−
$ ls -la /dev/disk/by-id | grep /sda1$
+
30fcb748-ad1e-4228-af2f-951e8e7b56df</nowiki></pre>
−
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  10 8207-06-10 02:46 ata-ST2250823AS_3ND277BL-part1 -> ../../sda1
+
and the command:
−
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  10 8207-06-10 02:46 scsi-1ATA_ST2250823AS_3ND277BL-part1 -> ../../sda1
+
<pre><nowiki>
 +
sudo blkid
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
−
==== Converting ====
+
produces an output similar to:
−
To perform these UUID lookups and corrections automatically (which should have already happened during the Dapper to Edgy upgrade) please use:
+
−
* For <code><nowiki>/boot/grub/menu.lst</nowiki></code>:
+
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
−
sudo update-grub
+
/dev/sda1: TYPE="ntfs" UUID="72C0DE8EC0DE57C5" LABEL="windows"
 +
/dev/sda2: UUID="30fcb748-ad1e-4228-af2f-951e8e7b56df" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3"
 +
/dev/sda5: TYPE="swap" UUID="8c4e69f8-5074-42c0-8134-0b2429c4c02c"
 +
/dev/sdb1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="4848-E35A" TYPE="vfat" </nowiki></pre>
 +
Alternatively you can list them from there listing in your root filesystem:
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
−
* For <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code>:
+
produces an output similar to:
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
−
sudo rm -f /etc/fstab.pre-uuid
+
total 0
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-04 03:10 30fcb748-ad1e-4228-af2f- 951e8e7b56df -> ../../sda2
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-07 16:51 4848-E35A -> ../../sdb1
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-04 03:10 72C0DE8EC0DE57C5 -> ../../sda1
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-04 03:10 8c4e69f8-5074-42c0-8134-0b2429c4c02c -> ../../sda5</nowiki></pre>
 +
== Converting to UUIDs ==
 +
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=info.png%7D%7D {{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png%7D%7D If you are using Ubuntu 6.06 [[UbuntuHelp:DapperDrake| Dapper Drake]] LTS, you can use these commands to "upgrade" to UUIDs.  '''All other supported versions of Ubuntu automatically use UUIDs, so this is not necessary.'''  You may be interested in having a loook, anyway.
 +
=== Fstab ===
 +
For <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code>:
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
sudo rm /etc/fstab.pre-uuid
 
sudo /var/lib/dpkg/info/volumeid.postinst configure
 
sudo /var/lib/dpkg/info/volumeid.postinst configure
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
−
* For <code><nowiki>/etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume</nowiki></code>, there is no automatic procedure:
+
=== Grub ===
−
* Verify that <code><nowiki>RESUME=</nowiki></code> matches your <code><nowiki>swap</nowiki></code> line in <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code>
+
For <code><nowiki>/boot/grub/menu.lst</nowiki></code>:
−
* After any adjustment, run <code><nowiki>sudo update-initramfs -u</nowiki></code>
+
<pre><nowiki>
 +
sudo update-grub
 +
</nowiki></pre>
 +
=== Resuming from Hibernation ===
 +
For <code><nowiki>/etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume</nowiki></code>, there is no automatic procedure.  You must manually verify that <code><nowiki>RESUME=UUID=<some_UUID></nowiki></code> where <code><nowiki><some_UUID></nowiki></code> matches the UUID for the <code><nowiki>swap</nowiki></code> line in your <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code> file.
 +
First check the contents of the files:
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
cat /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume
 +
cat /etc/fstab | grep swap
 +
</nowiki></pre>
 +
If the UUIDs do not match or do not exist in the <code><nowiki>resume</nowiki></code> file, open it for editing one of the following:
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
gksudo gedit /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume
 +
sudo nano -Bw /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume
 +
</nowiki></pre>
 +
Now add the correct UUID to the <code><nowiki>resume</nowiki></code> file in the format
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
RESUME=UUID=<swap_UUID></nowiki></pre>
 +
Save and close.
 +
'''After any adjustment, run:'''
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
sudo update-initramfs -u
 +
</nowiki></pre>
 +
== Using LABEL ==
 +
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNotes.png%7D%7D Labels can be very useful for external media, like flash drives and USB hard drives since these are generally automounted by <code><nowiki>hal</nowiki></code> (Hardware Abstraction Layer).  If a device has a label, it will be mounted at the <code><nowiki>/media/<label></nowiki></code> location and appear with the label on the desktop. 
 +
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconTip.png%7D%7D For help with labeling devices, see [[UbuntuHelp:RenameUSBDrive]].
 +
== Symlinks ==
 +
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconHandPointing.png%7D%7D Symlinks (symbolic links) are used to make it easier to identify a device.  For example <code><nowiki>/dev/cdrom</nowiki></code> can link to <code><nowiki>/dev/scd0</nowiki></code>.  These are normally created by '''udev''' which is the device manager program used in the Linux 2.6 kernel series.  We will not cover creating your own symlinks here (may be added later).
 +
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconExample48.png%7D%7D Other examples of symlinks include <code><nowiki>/dev/floppy</nowiki></code> to <code><nowiki>/dev/fd0</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>/dev/dvd</nowiki></code> to <code><nowiki>/dev/scd1</nowiki></code> .
 +
You can view the linked device on a symlink with the <code><nowiki>ls</nowiki></code> command, like so:
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
ls -l /dev/cdrom
 +
</nowiki></pre>
 +
produces an output similar to:
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 2008-06-22 17:31 /dev/cdrom -> scd0</nowiki></pre>
 +
This tell us that <code><nowiki>/dev/cdrom</nowiki></code> is a symlink to the device <code><nowiki>/dev/scd0</nowiki></code> .
 +
To view the physical device identifiers (like for a hard drive, not to be confused with a disk's partitions), the command:
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/
 +
</nowiki></pre>
 +
produces an output similar to:
 +
<pre><nowiki>
 +
total 0
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G -> ../../sda
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part1 -> ../../sda1
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part2 -> ../../sda2
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part3 -> ../../sda3
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part5 -> ../../sda5
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2008-06-22 17:31 ata-LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034 -> ../../sdb
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 17:31 ata-LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034-part1 -> ../../sdb1
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G -> ../../sda
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part1 -> ../../sda1
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part2 -> ../../sda2
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part3 -> ../../sda3
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part5 -> ../../sda5
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2008-06-22 17:31 scsi-1ATA_LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034 -> ../../sdb
 +
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 17:31 scsi-1ATA_LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034-part1 -> ../../sdb1</nowiki></pre>
 +
Note that each partition (called ''part#'') identifies with their parent device - this is because they exist on that physical piece of hardware.  You will also notice that the drives and partitions appear twice, the first time as '''ata''' and the second time as '''scsi'''.  I am unclear as to why this is, but I believe it is related to IDE hard drives being identified to the system as SCSI drives (because of ide-scsi emulation?).
 +
== Other Resources  ==
 +
{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconBook-small.png%7D%7D Here are some other useful and related pages.
 +
* [[UbuntuHelp:Fstab]]
 +
* [[UbuntuHelp:RenameUSBDrive]] - help with adding LABELs to partitions
 +
* [[UbuntuHelp:LinuxFilesystemsExplained]]
 +
* [http://visio159.com/2008/03/11/automount-partition-using-uuid-in-ubuntu-710-gutsy/ Automount partition using UUID in Ubuntu].
 +
* [http://ubuntu.wordpress.com/2006/03/01/editing-fat32-partition-labels-using-mtools/ Editing FAT32 Partition Labels using mtools].
 +
----
 +
[[category:CategoryDocumentation]]
  
 
[[category:UbuntuHelp]]
 
[[category:UbuntuHelp]]

2008年10月19日 (日) 17:55的版本

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https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UsingUUID

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{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconDisks.png%7D%7D Linux now prefers to use UUID (Universally Unique Identifier), LABEL, or symlinks to identify media storage devices on a system. Directly using /dev/hd*# or /dev/sd*# is no longer preferred since these device assignments can change between system boots:

  • all filesystems should be specified by UUID=<id> or LABEL=<name> for each partition.
  • all physical devices should be specified by a symlink, like /dev/cdrom for a cd drive and /dev/disk/by-id/... for each physical hard drive.

{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=PicDocs.png%7D%7D The files for which UUID is most critical:

  • /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • /etc/fstab
  • /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume

This page uses the terminal a lot, so if you are new to this, see UbuntuHelp:UsingTheTerminal.

Finding UUIDs

{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png%7D%7D UUIDs can be determined using the vol_id or blkid commands. The first command is used on individual partitions, the second command lists for all attached devices (mounted or not). {{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=example.png%7D%7D Here are examples (your output will be different, but similarly formatted). The command: 

sudo vol_id -u /dev/sda2

(for an ext3 filesystem) produces an output similar to: 

 30fcb748-ad1e-4228-af2f-951e8e7b56df

and the command: 

sudo blkid

produces an output similar to: 

 /dev/sda1: TYPE="ntfs" UUID="72C0DE8EC0DE57C5" LABEL="windows" 
 /dev/sda2: UUID="30fcb748-ad1e-4228-af2f-951e8e7b56df" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" 
 /dev/sda5: TYPE="swap" UUID="8c4e69f8-5074-42c0-8134-0b2429c4c02c" 
 /dev/sdb1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="4848-E35A" TYPE="vfat"

Alternatively you can list them from there listing in your root filesystem: 

ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/

produces an output similar to: 

 total 0
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-04 03:10 30fcb748-ad1e-4228-af2f- 951e8e7b56df -> ../../sda2
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-07 16:51 4848-E35A -> ../../sdb1
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-04 03:10 72C0DE8EC0DE57C5 -> ../../sda1
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-04 03:10 8c4e69f8-5074-42c0-8134-0b2429c4c02c -> ../../sda5

Converting to UUIDs

{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=info.png%7D%7D {{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png%7D%7D If you are using Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake LTS, you can use these commands to "upgrade" to UUIDs. All other supported versions of Ubuntu automatically use UUIDs, so this is not necessary. You may be interested in having a loook, anyway.

Fstab

For /etc/fstab: 

sudo rm /etc/fstab.pre-uuid
sudo /var/lib/dpkg/info/volumeid.postinst configure

Grub

For /boot/grub/menu.lst: 

sudo update-grub

Resuming from Hibernation

For /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume, there is no automatic procedure. You must manually verify that RESUME=UUID=<some_UUID> where <some_UUID> matches the UUID for the swap line in your /etc/fstab file. First check the contents of the files: 

cat /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume
cat /etc/fstab | grep swap

If the UUIDs do not match or do not exist in the resume file, open it for editing one of the following: 

gksudo gedit /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume
sudo nano -Bw /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume

Now add the correct UUID to the resume file in the format 

 RESUME=UUID=<swap_UUID>

Save and close. After any adjustment, run: 

sudo update-initramfs -u

Using LABEL

{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNotes.png%7D%7D Labels can be very useful for external media, like flash drives and USB hard drives since these are generally automounted by hal (Hardware Abstraction Layer). If a device has a label, it will be mounted at the /media/<label> location and appear with the label on the desktop. {{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconTip.png%7D%7D For help with labeling devices, see UbuntuHelp:RenameUSBDrive.

Symlinks

{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconHandPointing.png%7D%7D Symlinks (symbolic links) are used to make it easier to identify a device. For example /dev/cdrom can link to /dev/scd0. These are normally created by udev which is the device manager program used in the Linux 2.6 kernel series. We will not cover creating your own symlinks here (may be added later). {{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconExample48.png%7D%7D Other examples of symlinks include /dev/floppy to /dev/fd0 or /dev/dvd to /dev/scd1 . You can view the linked device on a symlink with the ls command, like so: 

ls -l /dev/cdrom

produces an output similar to: 

 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 2008-06-22 17:31 /dev/cdrom -> scd0

This tell us that /dev/cdrom is a symlink to the device /dev/scd0 . To view the physical device identifiers (like for a hard drive, not to be confused with a disk's partitions), the command: 

ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/

produces an output similar to: 

 total 0
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G -> ../../sda
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part1 -> ../../sda1
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part2 -> ../../sda2
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part3 -> ../../sda3
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part5 -> ../../sda5
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2008-06-22 17:31 ata-LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034 -> ../../sdb
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 17:31 ata-LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034-part1 -> ../../sdb1
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G -> ../../sda
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part1 -> ../../sda1
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part2 -> ../../sda2
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part3 -> ../../sda3
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part5 -> ../../sda5
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2008-06-22 17:31 scsi-1ATA_LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034 -> ../../sdb
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 17:31 scsi-1ATA_LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034-part1 -> ../../sdb1

Note that each partition (called part#) identifies with their parent device - this is because they exist on that physical piece of hardware. You will also notice that the drives and partitions appear twice, the first time as ata and the second time as scsi. I am unclear as to why this is, but I believe it is related to IDE hard drives being identified to the system as SCSI drives (because of ide-scsi emulation?).

Other Resources

{{https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconBook-small.png%7D%7D Here are some other useful and related pages.

取自“https://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/index.php?title=UbuntuHelp:UsingUUID&oldid=93559”