用户:Jinzd
来自Ubuntu中文
Ubuntu Web Servers
Refers to: https://help.ubuntu.com/12.04/serverguide/web-servers.html
一个Web服务器是一个软件负责从客户端接受HTTP请求，所谓客户端通常被认为是Web浏览器，它服务客户端HTTP请求及可选的数据内容，它们通常是Web页面例如HTML文档及链接的对象（图片等）。
HTTPD - Apache2 Web Server
Apache是Linux系统中最广泛使用的Web Server。众多的Web Server被客户端计算机使用以提供相关的Web页面请求服务。客户端通常使用Web Browser发出请求并浏览Web页面，诸如Firefox、Opera、Chromium或者Mozilla。
Ubuntu
sudo
以其他用户身份执行一个命令.
用法：
- sudo -h | -K | -V
- sudo -v [-Akns] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user]
- sudo -l [-Akns] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command]
- sudo [-AbEHknPS] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [p prompt] [-u user] [VAR=value] [-i|-s] [<command>]
- sudo -e [-Akns] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user] file ...
Options:
| -A, --askpass | 使用一个辅助程序以提示密码。 |
| -b, --background | 在后台运行命令。 |
| -C, --close-from=num | 关闭所有大于等于num的文件描述。 |
| -E, --preserve-env | 运行命令时保存用户环境。 |
| -e, --edit | 编辑文件而非运行一个命令。 |
| -g, --group=group | 以指定的组名或组ID运行一个命令。 |
| -H, --set-home | 设置 HOME 变量以指向用户的 HOME 目录。 |
| -h, --help | 显示帮助信息并且退出。 |
| -h, --host=host | 在主机上运行命令（如果插件支持）。 |
| -i, --login | 以目标用户运行登录shell；也可以指定一个命令。 |
| -K, --remove-timestamp | 完全删除时间戳文件。 |
| -k, --reset-timestamp | 失效时间戳文件。 |
| -l, --list | 列出用户特权或检查一个特定的命令；长格式使用两次。 |
| -n, -- non-interactive | 非交互方式，无提示被使用。 |
| -P, --preserve-groups | 保存组向量而非设置指定的目标。 |
| -P, --prompt=prompt | 使用指定的密码提示。 |
| -r, --role=role | 用指定的角色创建SELinux安全上下文。 |
| -S, --stdin | 从变准输入读取密码。 |
| -s, --shell | 以目标用户运行 shell；也可以指定一个命令。 |
| -t, --type=type | 使用指定的类型创建 SELinux 安全上下文。 |
| -U, --other-user=user | 在列表模式中，显示用户特权。 |
| -u, --user=user | 以指定的用户或用户ID运行命令（或编辑文件）。 |
| -V, --version | 显示版本信息并且退出。 |
| -v, --validate | 更新用户的时间戳而不运行一个命令。 |
| -- | 停止处理命令行参数。 |
ifconfig
用法：
- ifconfig [-a] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>]
- [add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
- [del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
- [[-]broadcast [<address>]] [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]
- [netmask <address>] [dstaddr <address>] [tunnel <address>]
- [outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
- [hw <HW> <address>] [metric <NN>] [mtu <NN>]
- [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
- [multicast] [[-]promisc]
- [mem_start <NN>] [io_addr <NN>] [irq <NN>] [media <type>]
- [txqueuelen <NN>]
- [[-]dynamic]
- [up|down] ...
- <HW>=硬件类型。
- 列表可能的硬件类型：
- loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)
- slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)
- ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
- netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)
- ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) hdlc ((Cisco)-HDLC) lapb (LAPB)
- arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) frad (Frame Relay Access Device)
- sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)
- irda (IrLAP) ec (Econet) x25 (generic X.25)
- eui64 (Generic EUI-64)
- <AF>=Address family. Default: inet
- List of possible address families:
- unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)
- ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE)
- ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) ec (Econet)
- ash (Ash) x25 (CCITT X.25)
ip
iwconfig
rfkill
ping
traceroute
arp
netstat
nslookup
Java
C++
g++
用法：g++ [选项] file...
选项：
| -pass-exit-codes | Exit with highest error code from a phase |
| --help | Display this information |
| --target-help | Display target specific command line options |
--help={common|optimizers|params|target|warnings|[^]{joined|separate|undocumented}}[,...]
Display specific types of command line options
(Use '-v --help' to display command line options of sub-processes)
--version Display compiler version information
-dumpspecs Display all of the built in spec strings
-dumpversion Display the version of the compiler
-dumpmachine Display the compiler's target processor
-print-search-dirs Display the directories in the compiler's search path
-print-libgcc-file-name Display the name of the compiler's companion library
-print-file-name=<lib> Display the full path to library <lib>
-print-prog-name=<prog> Display the full path to compiler component <prog>
-print-multiarch Display the target's normalized GNU triplet, used as
a component in the library path
-print-multi-directory Display the root directory for versions of libgcc
-print-multi-lib Display the mapping between command line options and
multiple library search directories
-print-multi-os-directory Display the relative path to OS libraries
-print-sysroot Display the target libraries directory
-print-sysroot-headers-suffix Display the sysroot suffix used to find headers
-Wa,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the assembler
-Wp,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the preprocessor
-Wl,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the linker
-Xassembler <arg> Pass <arg> on to the assembler
-Xpreprocessor <arg> Pass <arg> on to the preprocessor
-Xlinker <arg> Pass <arg> on to the linker
-save-temps Do not delete intermediate files
-save-temps=<arg> Do not delete intermediate files
-no-canonical-prefixes Do not canonicalize paths when building relative
prefixes to other gcc components
-pipe Use pipes rather than intermediate files
-time Time the execution of each subprocess
-specs=<file> Override built-in specs with the contents of <file>
-std=<standard> Assume that the input sources are for <standard>
--sysroot=<directory> Use <directory> as the root directory for headers
and libraries
-B <directory> Add <directory> to the compiler's search paths
-v Display the programs invoked by the compiler
-### Like -v but options quoted and commands not executed
-E Preprocess only; do not compile, assemble or link
-S Compile only; do not assemble or link
-c Compile and assemble, but do not link
-o <file> Place the output into <file>
-pie Create a position independent executable
-shared Create a shared library
-x <language> Specify the language of the following input files
Permissible languages include: c c++ assembler none
'none' means revert to the default behavior of
guessing the language based on the file's extension
Options starting with -g, -f, -m, -O, -W, or --param are automatically
passed on to the various sub-processes invoked by g++. In order to pass other options on to these processes the -W<letter> options must be used.
For bug reporting instructions, please see: <file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-5/README.Bugs>.
PostgreSQL
Eclipse
During eclipse installing, if error occured type following command to fix the error.
sudo apt-get install eclipse --fix-missing
