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{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora}}
{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora}}
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora}}
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora}}
== Switching to Ubuntu From Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Fedora ==
#title Switching to Ubuntu from Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Fedora
It's easy to apply your existing knowledge of Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Fedora to Ubuntu. The key differences between them are covered in this guide.
It is easy to apply your existing knowledge of ''Red Hat Enterprise Linux'' or ''Fedora'' to Ubuntu. The key differences between them are covered in this article.
=== Administrative Tasks ===
=== Administrative Tasks ===
In Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora by default, each administrative user needs to know the root password, in addition to their own password.
In Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora by default, each administrative user needs to know the root password, in addition to their own password.
In Ubuntu, each user only has one password. Users in the '''admin''' group can run command line and graphical applications with elevated privileges. Graphical admin tools prompt for this password when run, and command line tools can be run with root-privileges using [RootSudo sudo].  
In Ubuntu, each user only has one password. Users in the '''admin''' group can run command line and graphical applications with elevated privileges. Graphical admin tools prompt for this password when run, and command line tools can be run with root-privileges using [[UbuntuHelp:RootSudo|sudo]].  
=== Packaging ===
=== Package Management ===
Ubuntu has more than three times as many packages available as Fedora ([http://desicritics.org/2007/04/16/001741.php reference]), so you'll have more chance of finding what you want in the repositories. Graphical apps will put a link into Ubuntu's '''Applications''' menu.   
Ubuntu has more packages available than Fedora, so you'll have a better chance of finding what you want in the repositories. As with Fedora, graphical applications will put a link into the '''Applications''' menu.   
==== Graphical Tools ====
==== Graphical Tools ====
You'll find '''Synaptic''' to be an excellent tool for finding, fetching and installing packages.
The '''Synaptic package Manager''' is an excellent tool for finding, fetching and installing packages. Press '''System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager''' to start Synaptic.
==== Command Line Tools ====
==== Command Line Tools ====
Ubuntu uses apt-get instead of yum / up2date / urpmi  etc. to find, download, and install packages (and their dependencies).  
Ubuntu uses ''apt-get'' instead of ''yum'', ''up2date'' and so on to find, download, and install packages and their dependencies.
Note that unlike yum, apt-get is only for packages available in repositories - it cannot handle packages you've already downloaded. dpkg is used instead.
Note that, unlike yum, apt-get is only for packages available in repositories - it cannot handle packages you have already downloaded. The dpkg command is used instead.
==== Table of Equivalent Commands ====
Below is a table of equivalent commands for package management on both Ubuntu/Debian and Red Hat/Fedora systems.
{|border="1" cellspacing="0"
{|border="1" cellspacing="0"
|Task||Using RHEL or Fedora||Using Ubuntu
| '''Task''' || '''Red Hat/Fedora''' || '''Ubuntu'''
|-
|-
|Refresh list of available packages||Yum refreshes each time it's used||apt-get update
|||||'''Adding, Removing and Upgrading Packages'''
|-
|-
|Fetch and install a package (and any dependencies)||yum install package||apt-get install package
| Refresh list of available packages || Yum refreshes each time it's used || apt-get update
|-
|-
|Get information about an available package||yum search package||apt-cache show package
| Install a package from a repository || yum install ''package_name'' || apt-get install ''package_name''
|-
|-
|Show available packages||yum list available||apt-cache dumpavail
| Install a package file || yum install ''package.rpm'' > rpm -i ''package.rpm'' || dpkg --install ''package.deb''
|-
|-
|List all installed packages||yum list installed <br> rpm -qa||dpkg --list
| Remove a package || rpm -e ''package_name'' || apt-get remove ''package_name''
|-
|-
|Get information about an installed package||yum info packagename <br> rpm -qi packagename||dpkg --status packagename
| Check for package upgrades || yum check-update || apt-get -s upgrade > apt-get -s dist-upgrade
|-
|-
|List files in an installed package||rpm -ql pkgname||dpkg --listfiles pkgname
| Upgrade packages || yum update > rpm -Uvh [args] || apt-get dist-upgrade
|-
|-
|List documentation files in an installed package ||rpm -qd pkgname|| ?
| Upgrade the entire system || yum upgrade || apt-get dist-upgrade
|-
|-
|List configuration files in an installed package ||rpm -qc pkgname|| ?
|||||'''Package Information'''
|-
|-
|Get information about a package file||rpm -qpi package.rpm||dpkg --info package.deb
| Get information about an available package || yum search ''package_name'' || apt-cache search ''package_name''
|-
|-
|List files in a package file||rpm -qpl package.rpm||dpkg --contents package.deb
| Show available packages || yum list available || apt-cache dumpavail
|-
|-
|List documentation files in a package file||rpm -qpd package.rpm||?
| List all installed packages || yum list installed > rpm -qa || dpkg --list
|-
|-
|List configuration files in a package file||rpm -qpc package.rpm||?
| Get information about a package || yum info ''package_name'' || apt-cache show ''package_name''
|-
|-
|Extract files in a package||rpm2cpio package.rpm |cpio -vid||dpkg-deb --extract package.deb dir-to-extract-to
| Get information about an installed package || rpm -qi ''package_name'' || dpkg --status ''package_name''
|-
|-
|Install a package file||yum install package.rpm <br> rpm -i package.rpm||dpkg --install package.deb
| List files in an installed package || rpm -ql ''package_name'' || dpkg --listfiles ''package_name''
|-
|-
|Remove a package||rpm -e pkgname||apt-get remove pkgname
| List documentation files in an installed package || rpm -qd ''package_name'' || -  
|-
|-
|Find package that installed a file||rpm -qf filename ||dpkg --search filename
| List configuration files in an installed package || rpm -qc ''package_name'' || -  
|-
|-
|Find package that provides a particular file||yum provides filename||apt-file search filename
| Show the packages a given package depends on || rpm -qR ''package_name'' || apt-cache depends
|-
| Show other packages that depend on a > given package (reverse dependency) || rpm -q -whatrequires [args] || apt-cache rdepends
|-
|||||'''Package File Information'''
|-
| Get information about a package file || rpm -qpi ''package.rpm'' || dpkg --info ''package.deb''
|-
| List files in a package file || rpm -qpl ''package.rpm'' || dpkg --contents ''package.deb''
|-
| List documentation files in a package file || rpm -qpd ''package.rpm'' || -
|-
| List configuration files in a package file || rpm -qpc ''package.rpm'' || -
|-
| Extract files in a package || rpm2cpio ''package.rpm'' | cpio -vid  || dpkg-deb --extract ''package.deb'' dir-to-extract-to
|-
| Find package that installed a file || rpm -qf ''filename'' || dpkg --search ''filename''
|-
| Find package that provides a particular file || yum provides ''filename'' || apt-file search ''filename''
|-
|||||'''Misc. Packaging System Tools'''
|-
| Show stats about the package cache || - || apt-cache stats
|-
| Verify all installed packages || rpm -Va || debsums
|-
| Remove packages from the local cache directory || yum clean packages || apt-get clean
|-
| Remove only obsolete packages from the local cache directory || - || apt-get autoclean
|-
| Remove header files from the local cache directory > (forcing a new download of same on next use) || yum clean headers || apt-file purge
|-
|||||'''General Packaging System Information'''
|-
| Package file extension || *.rpm || *.deb
|-
| Repository location configuration || /etc/yum.conf || /etc/apt/sources.list
|}
|}
More technical information about Debian style packaging can be found at http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-pkg_basics.en.html and http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/index.en.html
Some of the information in this table was derived (with permission) from [http://www.jpsdomain.org/linux/apt.html APT and RPM Packager Lookup Tables].
More technical information about Debian-style packaging can be found in [http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-pkg_basics.en.html Basics of the Debian package management system] and the [http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/index.en.html Debian New Maintainers' Guide].
=== Services ===
=== Services ===
Services on Ubuntu are managed in a broadly similar way to those on Red Hat.
==== Graphical Tools ====
==== Graphical Tools ====
Services can be configured by clicking '''System''' -> '''Administration''' -> '''Services'''
Services can be configured by clicking '''System''' -> '''Administration''' -> '''Services'''. A tool called [http://www.marzocca.net/linux/bum.html Boot-Up Manager] is also available.
There's also [http://www.marzocca.net/linux/bum.html Boot-Up Manager].
==== Command Line Tools ====
==== Command Line Tools ====
Below is a table of example commands for managing services. The ''apache''/''httpd'' service is used as an example.
{|border="1" cellspacing="0"
{|border="1" cellspacing="0"
|Task||Red Hat Enterprise / Fedora example (with Apache HTTPd)||Ubuntu example
| '''Task''' || '''Red Hat / Fedora'''  || '''Ubuntu''' || '''Ubuntu''' > (with sysv-rc-conf or sysvconfig)  
|-
|-
|Starting/stopping services immediately||service httpd start||/etc/init.d/apache start '''or''' service apache start (from sysvconfig package) '''or''' use sysv-rc-conf
| '''Starting/stopping services immediately''' || service httpd start || invoke-rc.d apache start || service apache start  
|-
|-
|Enabling a service at boot||chkconfig httpd on||sysv-rc-conf apache on '''or''' update-rc.d apache defaults
| '''Enabling a service at boot''' || chkconfig httpd on || update-rc.d apache defaults || sysv-rc-conf apache on  
|-
|-
|Disabling a service at boot||chkconfig httpd off||sysv-rc-conf apache off '''or''' update-rc.d apache purge
| '''Disabling a service at boot''' || chkconfig httpd off || update-rc.d apache purge || sysv-rc-conf apache off  
|}
|}
Note: whereas Red Hat and Fedora's servers boot into runlevel 3 by default, Ubuntu servers default to runlevel 2.
'''Note:''' Whereas Red Hat and Fedora servers boot into runlevel 3 by default, Ubuntu servers default to runlevel 2.
'''Note:''' The `service` and `invoke-rc.d` commands call init scripts to do the actual work.  You can also start and stop services by doing e.g. `/etc/init.d/apache start` on Ubuntu, or `/etc/init.d/httpd start` on Red Hat/Fedora.


[[category:UbuntuHelp]]
[[category:UbuntuHelp]]

2010年5月20日 (四) 00:19的最新版本

{{#ifexist: :SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora/zh | | {{#ifexist: SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora/zh | | {{#ifeq: {{#titleparts:SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora|1|-1|}} | zh | | }} }} }} {{#ifeq: {{#titleparts:SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora|1|-1|}} | zh | | }}

  1. title Switching to Ubuntu from Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Fedora

It is easy to apply your existing knowledge of Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Fedora to Ubuntu. The key differences between them are covered in this article.

Administrative Tasks

In Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora by default, each administrative user needs to know the root password, in addition to their own password. In Ubuntu, each user only has one password. Users in the admin group can run command line and graphical applications with elevated privileges. Graphical admin tools prompt for this password when run, and command line tools can be run with root-privileges using sudo.

Package Management

Ubuntu has more packages available than Fedora, so you'll have a better chance of finding what you want in the repositories. As with Fedora, graphical applications will put a link into the Applications menu.

Graphical Tools

The Synaptic package Manager is an excellent tool for finding, fetching and installing packages. Press System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager to start Synaptic.

Command Line Tools

Ubuntu uses apt-get instead of yum, up2date and so on to find, download, and install packages and their dependencies. Note that, unlike yum, apt-get is only for packages available in repositories - it cannot handle packages you have already downloaded. The dpkg command is used instead.

Table of Equivalent Commands

Below is a table of equivalent commands for package management on both Ubuntu/Debian and Red Hat/Fedora systems.

Task Red Hat/Fedora Ubuntu
Adding, Removing and Upgrading Packages
Refresh list of available packages Yum refreshes each time it's used apt-get update
Install a package from a repository yum install package_name apt-get install package_name
Install a package file yum install package.rpm > rpm -i package.rpm dpkg --install package.deb
Remove a package rpm -e package_name apt-get remove package_name
Check for package upgrades yum check-update apt-get -s upgrade > apt-get -s dist-upgrade
Upgrade packages yum update > rpm -Uvh [args] apt-get dist-upgrade
Upgrade the entire system yum upgrade apt-get dist-upgrade
Package Information
Get information about an available package yum search package_name apt-cache search package_name
Show available packages yum list available apt-cache dumpavail
List all installed packages yum list installed > rpm -qa dpkg --list
Get information about a package yum info package_name apt-cache show package_name
Get information about an installed package rpm -qi package_name dpkg --status package_name
List files in an installed package rpm -ql package_name dpkg --listfiles package_name
List documentation files in an installed package rpm -qd package_name -
List configuration files in an installed package rpm -qc package_name -
Show the packages a given package depends on rpm -qR package_name apt-cache depends
Show other packages that depend on a > given package (reverse dependency) rpm -q -whatrequires [args] apt-cache rdepends
Package File Information
Get information about a package file rpm -qpi package.rpm dpkg --info package.deb
List files in a package file rpm -qpl package.rpm dpkg --contents package.deb
List documentation files in a package file rpm -qpd package.rpm -
List configuration files in a package file rpm -qpc package.rpm -
Extract files in a package cpio -vid dpkg-deb --extract package.deb dir-to-extract-to
Find package that installed a file rpm -qf filename dpkg --search filename
Find package that provides a particular file yum provides filename apt-file search filename
Misc. Packaging System Tools
Show stats about the package cache - apt-cache stats
Verify all installed packages rpm -Va debsums
Remove packages from the local cache directory yum clean packages apt-get clean
Remove only obsolete packages from the local cache directory - apt-get autoclean
Remove header files from the local cache directory > (forcing a new download of same on next use) yum clean headers apt-file purge
General Packaging System Information
Package file extension *.rpm *.deb
Repository location configuration /etc/yum.conf /etc/apt/sources.list

Some of the information in this table was derived (with permission) from APT and RPM Packager Lookup Tables. More technical information about Debian-style packaging can be found in Basics of the Debian package management system and the Debian New Maintainers' Guide.

Services

Services on Ubuntu are managed in a broadly similar way to those on Red Hat.

Graphical Tools

Services can be configured by clicking System -> Administration -> Services. A tool called Boot-Up Manager is also available.

Command Line Tools

Below is a table of example commands for managing services. The apache/httpd service is used as an example.

Task Red Hat / Fedora Ubuntu Ubuntu > (with sysv-rc-conf or sysvconfig)
Starting/stopping services immediately service httpd start invoke-rc.d apache start service apache start
Enabling a service at boot chkconfig httpd on update-rc.d apache defaults sysv-rc-conf apache on
Disabling a service at boot chkconfig httpd off update-rc.d apache purge sysv-rc-conf apache off

Note: Whereas Red Hat and Fedora servers boot into runlevel 3 by default, Ubuntu servers default to runlevel 2. Note: The `service` and `invoke-rc.d` commands call init scripts to do the actual work. You can also start and stop services by doing e.g. `/etc/init.d/apache start` on Ubuntu, or `/etc/init.d/httpd start` on Red Hat/Fedora.