特殊:Badtitle/NS100:DebootstrapChroot

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This article demonstrates a quick and easy way to create a chroot environment on an Ubuntu computer, which is like having a virtual system without the overhead of actual virtualization. A chroot can be used for things like:

• Running a 32-bit Firefox browser or a 32-bit Wine bottle on a 64-bit system.
• Trying an older or newer Ubuntu release without reinstalling the operating system.
• Trying a Debian release or other distribution derived from Debian.
• Cross compiling and building packages for a different platform like Launchpad or Soyuz does it.

Example Configuration

In this example, we use a current Ubuntu 9.04 Jaunty system (the "host") to create a chroot for the older Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy release (the "target"). We are arbitrarily naming the new chroot environment hardy_i386 and putting it in the /srv/chroot directory on the host system.

Step 1: Install packages on the host computer.

First, install `debootstrap`, which is a utility that downloads and unpacks a basic Ubuntu system:

 $ sudo apt-get install debootstrap

Second, install `schroot`, which is a utility that wraps the regular `chroot` program and automatically manages chroot environments:

 $ sudo apt-get install schroot

Note: The `debootstrap` utility is usually backwards compatible with older releases, but it may be incompatible with newer releases. For example, the `debootstrap` that is bundled with Jaunty can prepare a Hardy chroot like we are doing here, but the `debootstrap` that is bundled with Hardy cannot prepare a Jaunty chroot. If you have any difficultly with a `debootstrap` version mismatch, then visit http://packages.ubuntu.com/ to manually download and install the debootstrap package on the host system from the repository for the target release.

Step 2: Create a configuration file for schroot.

Choose a short name for the chroot, we use hardy_i386 in this example, and create a configuration file for it like this:

  sudo editor /etc/schroot/chroot.d/hardy_i386.conf

Put this in the new file:

  [hardy_i386]
  description=Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy for i386
  location=/srv/chroot/hardy_i386
  #personality=linux32
  root-users=bob
  run-setup-scripts=true
  run-exec-scripts=true
  type=directory
  users=alice,bob,charlie

Note: if you copy this example to your clipboard, be careful to start each line in column 1 before you save the new file! If you forget, the command schroot -l will fail with an error, e.g. `E: /etc/schroot/chroot.d/hardy_i386.conf: line 0: Invalid line: “ [hardy_i386]”`. Change these things in the example configuration file to fit your system: . location: This should be a directory that is outside of the /home tree. The latest `schroot` documentation recommends /srv/chroot. . personality: Enable this line if the host system is 64-bit running on an amd64/x64 computer and the chroot is 32-bit for i386. Otherwise, leave it disabled. . users: These are users on the host system that can invoke the `schroot` program and get access to the chroot system. Your username on the host system should be here. . root-users: These are users on the host system that can invoke the `schroot` program and get direct access to the chroot system as the root user. Note: Do not put whitespace around the '=' character, and do not quote strings after the '=' character.

Step 3: Run debootstrap.

This will download and unpack a basic Ubuntu system to the chroot directory, similar to what the host system already has at the real root directory ("/").

 $ sudo mkdir -p /srv/chroot/hardy_i386
 $ sudo debootstrap --variant=buildd --arch i386 hardy /srv/chroot/hardy_i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/

This command should work for any distribution that is derived from Debian. Substitute the architecture "i386", the release name "hardy", and the repository address "http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/" appropriately. For example, do this to get the 64-bit build of Hardy instead of the 32-bit build:

  $ sudo debootstrap --arch amd64 hardy /srv/chroot/hardy_amd64/ http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/

Note: Remember to change all instances of hardy_i386 to hardy_amd64 in the configuration file and on the command line if you actually do this. Do something like this to get an upstream Debian release:

  $ sudo debootstrap --arch amd64 sid /srv/chroot/sid_amd64/ http://ftp.debian.org/debian/

Step 4: Check the chroot

This command lists configured chroots:

  $ schroot -l

If hardy_i386 appears in the list, then run:

  $ schroot -c hardy_i386 -u root

Note: This should work without using `sudo` to invoke the `schroot` program, and it should result in a root prompt in the chroot environment. Check that the root prompt is in a different system:

  # lsb_release -a

For the Hardy system that we just built, the `lsb_release` command should print:

No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID:	Ubuntu
Description:	Ubuntu 8.04
Release:	8.04
Codename:	hardy

We're done!

WARNING

For convenience, the default `schroot` configuration rebinds the /home directory on the host system so that it appears in the chroot system. This could be unexpected if you are familiar with the older `dchroot` program or the regular `chroot` program because it means that you can accidentally delete or otherwise damage things in /home on the host system. To change this behavior run:

  $ sudo editor /etc/schroot/mount-defaults

And disable the /home line so that the file reads:

  # mount.defaults: static file system information for chroots.
  # Note that the mount point will be prefixed by the chroot path
  # (CHROOT_PATH)
  #
  # <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
  proc            /proc           proc    defaults        0       0
  /dev/pts        /dev/pts        none    rw,bind         0       0
  tmpfs           /dev/shm        tmpfs   defaults        0       0
  #/home           /home           none    rw,bind         0       0
  /tmp            /tmp            none    rw,bind         0       0

The mount.defaults file is the /etc/fstab for chroot environments.

Hints

Install the ubuntu-minimal package in a new chroot after you create it:

  $ schroot -c hardy_i386 -u root
  # apt-get install ubuntu-minimal

If you get locale warnings in the chroot like "Locale not supported by C library." or "perl: warning: Setting locale failed." , then try one or more of these commands:

  $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales

  $ sudo apt-get install language-pack-en

  $ locale-gen en_US.UTF-8

If your preferred language is not English, then change "-en" and "en_US" appropriately.

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