查看“模板:U Lucid/Packages”的源代码

== Package Installation and Updates ==
=== Apt and Package Basics ===
*Read [[#Add Extra Repositories|Add Extra Repositories]]

Most new users will use the [[#Synaptic Package Manager|Synaptic Package Manager]] to install packages. These instructions are for installing packages from the command-line Terminal. Terminal can be started:
:Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal

*Install packages:
 sudo apt-get install ''packagename''

::*''Example:''
 sudo apt-get install mpd sbackup

*Remove packages:
 sudo apt-get remove ''packagename''

*To remove all dependencies:
 sudo apt-get autoremove

::*''Example:''
 sudo apt-get remove mpd sbackup

*Search for packages:
 apt-cache search <keywords>

::*''Examples:''
 apt-cache search Music MP3
 apt-cache search "Text Editor"

*Update the apt package database after [[#Add_Extra_Ubuntu_Repositories|adding/removing repositories]]:
 sudo apt-get update

*Upgrade packages:
 sudo apt-get upgrade

*Upgrade the entire distribution (e.g. from Karmic to Lucid):
 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

==== Installing .deb packages ====
Debian (.deb) packages are the packages that are used in Ubuntu. You can install any .deb package in your system. .deb files can generally be installed from your file manager (Nautilus) merely by clicking on them, since file associations with the default installer is already set in Ubuntu. These instructions are for those who wish to install packages from the command-line terminal (Terminal).

*Install a downloaded Debian (Ubuntu) package (.deb):
 sudo dpkg -i ''packagename''.deb

*Remove a Debian (Ubuntu) package (.deb):
 sudo dpkg -r ''packagename''

*Reconfigure/Repair an installed Debian (Ubuntu) package (.deb):
 sudo dpkg-reconfigure ''packagename''

::''*Example:''
 sudo dpkg-reconfigure mpd

==== Handling (Tar/GZip) and (Tar/Bzip2) archives ====
(Tar/GZip) archives end in ".tar.gz" and (Tar/Bzip2) archives end in ".tar.bz2". Bzip2 is the newer, more efficient compression method. These files can generally be automatically extracted by merely clicking on them from your file manager (Nautilus), since file associations with the appropriate archival utilities are set by default in Ubuntu. These instructions are for those who wish to use the command line Terminal.

:*To extract:
 tar xvf ''packagename''.tar.gz

Note: tar is an application which can extract files from an archive, decompressing if necessary.
::-x means extract.
::-v means verbose (list what it is extracting).
::-f specifies the file to use.

*Decompressing ".gz" files
 gunzip ''file''.gz

*Decompressing ".bz2" files
 bunzip2 ''file''.bz2

::Note: You can also decompress a package first by using the command gunzip (for .gz) or bunzip2 (for .bz2), leaving the .tar file. You would then use tar to extract it.

:*To create a .gz archive:
 tar cvfz ''packagename''.tar.gz folder

:*To create a .bz2 archive:
 tar cvfj ''packagename''.tar.bz2 folder

==== Installing a package from source ====
*Make sure you have all the necessary development tools (i.e. libraries, compilers, headers):

 sudo apt-get install build-essential linux-headers-$(uname -r)

::Note: "uname -r" lists the current kernel you are using

*Extract the archive that contains the source files:
 tar xvf ''sourcefilesarchive''.tar.gz

*Build the package using the package's script (in this case the configure script), compile the package (make), and install the compiled package into your system (make install):
 cd ''/path/to/extracted/sourcefiles''
 ./configure
 sudo make
 sudo make install

::Note: typing ./ before a filename in the current folder allows the Linux shell to try and execute the file as an application even if it is not in the path (the set of folders which it searches when you type a command name). If you get a "permission denied" error, the file is not marked as being executable. To fix this:
 sudo chmod +x ''filename''

::''Example:'' In the above instructions, configure is the shell script to build the package from source. To be sure the configure script is executable:
 sudo chmod +x configure

===== Create a .deb package from source files =====
If your build from source is successful, you can make a Debian (Ubuntu) package (.deb) for future use:

*Install package tools:
 sudo apt-get install checkinstall

*Rebuild package using "checkinstall":

 cd ''/path/to/extracted/package''
 ./configure
 sudo make
 sudo checkinstall

*Keep the resulting ".deb" file for future use. It can later be installed using:
 sudo dpkg -i ''packagename''.deb

Note: These are basic instructions that may not always work. Some packages require additional dependencies and optional parameters to be specified in order to build them successfully. Also see [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PackagingGuide/Basic?action=show&redirect=HowToBuildDebianPackagesFromScratch these Ubuntu wiki instructions].

=== Aptitude ===
Aptitude is a terminal-based package manager that can be used instead of apt-get. Aptitude marks packages that are automatically installed and removes them when no packages depend on them. This makes it easy to remove applications completely.
To use Aptitude, replace apt-get with aptitude in the command line. Example:
 sudo aptitude install ''packagename''
 sudo aptitude remove ''packagename''
 sudo aptitude update
 sudo aptitude upgrade
For an ncurses-based graphical user interface, type
 sudo aptitude
For more information, see [http://people.debian.org/~dburrows/aptitude-doc/en/ the aptitude documentation].

=== Synaptic Package Manager ===
While "apt-get" and "aptitude" are fast ways of installing programs/packages, you can also use the Synaptic Package Manager (System -> Administration -> Synaptic Manager), a GUI method for installing programs/packages. Most (but not all) programs/packages available with apt-get install will also be available from the Synaptic Package Manager. This is the preferred method for most desktop users. In this guide, when you see 
 sudo apt-get install ''package''
you can simply search for ''package'' in Synaptic and install it that way.

* System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
* Search for the name of the program/package. You can also search for a word in its description.
* Check the box "Mark for Installation"
* Click the "Apply" button.
* The selected program(s) will be automatically installed, along with its dependencies.

=== Add/Remove Programs ===
Not all packages available from apt-get, aptitude, and Synaptic Package Manager are available in Add/Remove Programs. However, it is the easiest interface for new users of Ubuntu and directs them to preferred packages.

* Applications -> Add/Remove Programs
* Search for the sort of program you want to add. Example: type MP3 to see a list of mp3 software.
* Check the box "Mark for Installation"
* Click the "Apply" button.
* The selected program(s) will be automatically installed.

=== Manual Updates ===
*Read [[#General Notes|General Notes]]
*Read [[#Add Extra Repositories|Add Extra Repositories]]

*Manually, from Terminal (command line interface):
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade

:or

*Use Synaptic Package Manager:
::System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager -> "Reload" then "Mark all upgrades"

:If there are packages available for updating, you will be prompted whether to install them.

=== Automated Updates ===
*Use Synaptic Package Manager:

::* System -> Administration -> Synaptic Manager -> Settings -> Preferences -> General -> Reloading Outdated Package Information -> Automatic