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== 什么是Shell?  ==

简单的说， shell就是一个小程序，这个小程序可以接受来自键盘的命令并把这些命令发送到操作系统，再有系统来执行。在过去，在安装有Unix的计算机上，这是唯一的可用的交互式操作。而如今，我们可以通过图形化界面来输入命令行，比如shell. 

在大多数的linux计算机中，安装有个一个叫bash（bash是Bourne Again SHell的简写，这是有Steve Bourne编写的一个早期shell的升级版。），它充当shell的角色。通常在Linux计算机上有多种可用的shell,比如：ksh、tcsh、 zsh。

== Xterm、 Gnome、Konsole之类都是什么？  ==

<br>这些都是所谓的“终端模拟器”,这是一些可以让您的计算机界面变得易于操作，并解可以帮助您和对话的程序。现在有很多的终端模拟器供我们使用。一般的Linux系统通常包含多种终端模拟器，就像:xterm、rxvt、konsole、kvt、gnome-terminal、nxterm、eterm.

== 启动终端  ==

您的窗口管理器可以通过菜单来启动程序，查看程序清单，您也许会发现一个像终端模拟器的程序。 在 KDE中，在主菜单中，终端模拟器通常是 Konsole和Tterminal.而在 Gnome中,您发现的却是"color xterm"、 "regular xterm,"和 "gnome-terminal". You can start up as many of these as you want and play with them. While there are a number of different terminal emulators, they all do the same thing. They give you access to a shell session. You will probably develop a preference for one, based on the different bells and whistles each one provides.

== Testing the Keyboard ==
Ok, let's try some typing. Bring up a terminal 	window. You should see a shell prompt that contains 	your user name and the name of the machine followed 	by a dollar sign. Something like this:

<code><nowiki>[me@linuxbox me]$</nowiki></code>

Excellent! Now type some nonsense characters and 	press the enter key.

<code><nowiki>[me@linuxbox me]$</nowiki></code> <code><nowiki>kdkjflajfks</nowiki></code>

If all went well, you should have gotten an 	error message complaining that it cannot understand 	you:

<code><nowiki>[me@linuxbox me]$</nowiki></code> <code><nowiki>kdkjflajfks</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>bash: kdkjflajfks: command 	not found</nowiki></code>

Wonderful! Now press the up-arrow key. Watch how 	our previous command "kdkjflajfks" returns. Yes, we 	have ''command history''. Press the down-arrow 	and we get the blank line again.

Recall the "kdkjflajfks" command using the 	up-arrow key if needed. Now, try the left and 	right-arrow keys. You can position the text cursor 	anywhere in the command line. This allows you to 	easily correct mistakes.

== You're not logged in as root, 	are you? ==
Don't operate the computer as 	the superuser. You should only become the superuser 	when absolutely necessary. Doing otherwise is 	dangerous, stupid, and in poor taste. Create a user 	account for yourself now!

== Using the Mouse ==
Even though the shell is a command line 	interface, you can still use the mouse for several 	things. That is, if you have a 3-button mouse; and 	you should have a 3-button mouse if you want to use 	Linux.

First, you can use the mouse to scroll backwards 	and forwards through the output of the terminal 	window. To demonstrate, hold down the enter key 	until it scrolls off the window. Now, with your 	mouse, you can use the scroll bar at the side of 	the terminal window to move the window contents up 	and down. If you are using <code><nowiki>xterm</nowiki></code>, you may find this difficult, 	since the middle button is required for this 	operation. If you have a 2-button mouse, it may 	have been configured to emulate a 3-button mouse. 	This means the middle button can be simulated by 	pressing down both the left and right buttons at 	the same time.

Next, you can copy text with the mouse. Drag 	your mouse over some text (for example, 	"kdkjflajfks" right here on the browser window) 	while holding down the left button. The text should 	highlight. Now move your mouse pointer to the 	terminal window and press the middle mouse button. 	The text you highlighted in the browser window 	should be copied into the command line. Did I 	mention that you will need a 3-button mouse?

== A few words about focus... ==
When you installed your Linux system and its 	window manager (most likely Gnome or KDE), it was 	configured to behave in some ways like that legacy 	operating system.

In particular, it probably has its ''focus 	policy'' set to "click to focus." This means that 	in order for a window to gain focus (become active) 	you have to click in the window. This is contrary 	to traditional X windows behavior. If you take my 	advice and get a 3-button mouse, you will want to 	set the focus policy to "focus follows mouse". This 	will make using the text copying feature of X 	windows much easier to use. You may find it strange 	at first that windows don't raise to the front when 	they get focus (you have to click on the title bar 	to do that), but you will enjoy being able to work 	on more than one window at once without having the 	active window obscuring the the other. Try it and 	give it a fair trial; I think you will like it. You 	can find this setting in the configuration tools 	for your window manager.