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{{Translation}} {{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Beginners/FAQ}} {{Translator|王楠}} {{Languages|UbuntuHelp:Beginners/FAQ}} 此页的目的是按顺序地收集对(在完全新手论坛中)常见问题的好的回答。欢迎提建议: [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=379658 Feature Requests] == '''如何安装Ubuntu''' == 安装操作系统(OS)对大多数计算机用户来讲是一件困难并且陌生的任务。在开始之前,你最好备份关键性的数据。在着手时你将会面临分配硬盘分区(为新的操作系统腾出地方)以及安装开机引导器(boot loader)(用于引导你的多个操作系统)的任务。幸运的是,安装Ubuntu相对来说要容易得多。你需要烧录一张CD,之后从这张光盘启动你的计算机,这能让你能够预览一下Ubuntu操作系统。你还可以使用这张光盘意孤行化的简单方式将Ubuntu安装到你的计算机上。参考[[UbuntuHelp:GraphicalInstall|GraphicalInstall]]关于使用图形化安装器安装Ubuntu的帮助。偶尔桌面或Live CD安装也会失败。这时,考虑使用Alternate CD或许会有帮助。Alternate CD使用命令行安装器,是针对更高级的用户设计的。如果你感觉使用Alternate CD不舒服,可以从更有经验的Ubuntu用户那里寻求帮助,他们能帮你完成这一过程。在irc.freenode.net上的#ubuntu的IRC频道是个很不错的获得帮助的地方。总览(更多信息):[http://users.bigpond.net.au/hermanzone/ Installing from the Alternate CD] 图形化向导: [http://users.bigpond.net.au/hermanzone/p3.htm Windows (NTFS) + Ubuntu] === 附加信息 === 下载Ubuntu: [[UbuntuHelp:GettingUbuntu|GettingUbuntu]] 如何烧录CD镜像至CD:[[UbuntuHelp:BurningIsoHowto|BurningIsoHowto]] 从CD引导:[[UbuntuHelp:BootFromCD|BootFromCD]] 分区基础:[http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=282018 Basic Partitioning] GRUB: [[UbuntuHelp:GrubHowto|GrubHowto]] [http://users.bigpond.net.au/hermanzone/p15.htm Hermanzone: How to Grub] == '''定制桌面''' == === 辅助功能 === 当Ubuntu安装完成后,对于最新的Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)系统版本,在主菜单(默认情况下在屏幕左上角)中选择'''系统->''''''参数设置''''''->辅助功能''' 。选择键盘辅助功能,打开按键粘连以及等其它辅助功能。在老的系统版本中,此设定在系统->参数设置->键盘中。 更多信息请参考[[UbuntuHelp:Accessibility|Accessibility]]。 <br> === 基本定制 === [[UbuntuHelp:Beginners/Guide/DesktopCustomization|Desktop Customization]] == Installing software == === Repositories === In general it is best (and easiest) to install from the Ubuntu repositories. Ubuntu is a Debian-based distribution and as such uses Synaptic, apt-get, and aptitude (as well as dpkg). dpkg, apt-get, and aptitude are all command line tools. Synaptic is a GUI front end for apt-get. Applications (programs) are packaged into .deb files : '''note: you will need to enable all repositories by removing "#" from the front of any line that looks like a web address, save the file and reload sources''' Ubuntu or Gnome <pre>gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list </pre> Kubuntu or KDE <pre>kdesu kate /etc/apt/sources.list </pre> Xubuntu or Xfce <pre>gksudo mousepad /etc/apt/sources.list </pre> Server users <pre>sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list </pre> Example foo-xvz.deb * foo = application (program) name * -xyz = version dpkg will install a .deb file you may have downloaded, dpkg will install the .deb, but not handle dependencies. apt-get, aptitude, and synaptic will download and install your application and dependencies. For further information : [[UbuntuHelp:InstallingSoftware|InstallingSoftware]] === Installing from source code === You can install programs by ''compiling'' their ''source code''. Source code is what a programmer writes in order to create a program. Compiling is the process of converting this code into a form that the computer can understand, so that the program can be run. All of the programs available in Ubuntu software repositories are in a ready-to-run (compiled) state. In general you will only ever need to compile an application if it is not available from the repositories. The compilation of source code can be a tricky process, as there are many things that could go wrong during the process. Compilation is recommended for advanced users only. To compile a program from source code, first install the '''build-essential''' and '''checkinstall''' packages. ''build-essential'' installs all of the basic tools required to compile source code. ''checkinstall'' will convert your newly compiled application into an Ubuntu/Debian package (.deb) and then install it. The advantage of this is that you may now use ''apt-get'' or ''aptitude'' to install and uninstall the program. For further information on ''checkinstall'', see [[UbuntuHelp:CheckInstall|CheckInstall]]. The general steps are: # Download the source code. # Extract the source code. Source code is generally distributed in a .tar or archive format similar to a .zip file. '''Note:''' Not all .tar files contain source code. Some may be install scripts and others may be pre-compiled binaries. 1.#3 Read the README file for further information and instructions. # Open a Terminal ('''Applications''' -> '''Accessories''' -> '''Terminal''') # Type <code><nowiki>./configure --help</nowiki></code> in the Terminal to list all of the options. # Type <code><nowiki>./configure</nowiki></code> to prepare the source code for compilation. # Type <code><nowiki>make</nowiki></code> to compile the source code. # Type <code><nowiki>sudo checkinstall</nowiki></code> to create an Ubuntu/Debian package. For further information : http://cutlersoftware.com/ubuntuinstall/ == Hardware == Many people experience problems with some item of hardware. This section covers ways to tackle some common problems. === Identifying your hardware === The model name on your hardware may be meaningless in Linux - what is important is the chipset. Also be aware that the same branded model may either have chipset revision or even different chipset. ==== PCI devices ==== * To identify a PCI device, we can query the hardware by typing <code><nowiki>lspci</nowiki></code> into a Terminal. * To identify a graphics card, we can narrow the query by searching for the term 'VGA' in the output of the <code><nowiki>lspci</nowiki></code> command: <pre>lspci | grep VGA </pre> '''Example output:''' <code><nowiki>0000:01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation NV17 [GeForce4 MX 440 ] (rev a3)</nowiki></code> ==== USB devices ==== * To identify a USB device, we can query USB devices by typing <code><nowiki>lsusb</nowiki></code> into the Terminal '''Example output:''' <code><nowiki>Bus 004 Device 002: ID 152e:2507 LG (HLDS)</nowiki></code> * Above, we see the output ''Bus 004 Device 002''. This is handy if we need to point a program/driver to the "location" of the hardware. * The ''ID'' allows us to search for the make and model of the device. From ''152e:2507'', we can find out that the manufacturer is LG (basic USB information) * For more detailed information on USB devices and their capabilities, run <code><nowiki>lsusb -v</nowiki></code> in a Terminal. * To see recent events involving USB devices which the kernel has recognized (for example, plugging and unplugging), type <code><nowiki>dmesg | tail</nowiki></code> in a Terminal * To monitor other events involving USB devices, type <code><nowiki>sudo udevmonitor</nowiki></code> into a Terminal For more information on troubleshooting certain types of USB device, see [[UbuntuHelp:DebuggingUSBStorage|Debugging USB Storage Devices]] and [[UbuntuHelp:UsbFlashDrives|USB Flash Drives]] ==== Hard drive info ==== '''Hard drive and partition information''' <pre>sudo fdisk -l </pre> You can also use gparted which can be installed by installing the gparted package. [[UbuntuHelp:InstallingSoftware|Installing Software]] '''Mount removable devices as normal user''' pmount is a wrapper around the standard mount program which permits normal users to mount removable devices without a matching /etc/fstab entry. This provides a robust basis for automounting frameworks like GNOME's Utopia project and confines the amount of code that runs as root to a minimum. This package also contains a wrapper "pmount-hal" which reads some information like device labels and mount options from hal and passes them to pmount. Install the package "hal" if you want to use this feature. If a LUKS capable cryptsetup package is installed, pmount is able to transparently mount encrypted volumes. ''example'' <pre>pmount /dev/sda </pre> '''For USB storage that do not get recognized you could try:''' <pre>sudo modprobe usb-storage </pre> <pre>sudo locate usb_storage </pre> followed by pmount command ==== Query Motherboard bios ==== '''for board type /bios version etc''' <pre>sudo lshw | less </pre> <pre>sudo dmidecode </pre> ==== Other possible diagnostics ==== '''lsmod''' — program to show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel ''so if we wanted to just list USB modules and ignore case'' <pre>sudo lsmod | grep -i usb </pre> or all devices general info <pre>lsmod </pre> '''To display the SCSI devices currently attached (and recognized) by the SCSI subsystem use''' <pre>cat /proc/scsi/scsi. </pre> The output looks like this: Attached devices: Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 02 Lun: 00 Vendor: PIONEER Model: DVD-ROM DVD-303 Rev: 1.10 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02 Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: IBM Model: DNES-309170W Rev: SA30 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03 After the "Attached devices:" line there are 3 lines for each recognized device. The first of these lines is SCSI address information discussed in Section 3.1. The following 2 lines of data are obtained from a INQUIRY command that was performed on the device when it was attached. See Section 9.4 for the relationship between the ordering of these devices compared with the sg driver's ordering (which most of the time is the same). Existing devices can be removed using echo "scsi remove-single-device <h> '''<t> <l>" > /proc/scsi/scsi where the variables are host, bus (channel), target (scsi id) and lun. The success (or otherwise) of this command can be determined by sending a subsequent cat /proc/scsi/scsi command. The removal will fail if the device is busy (e.g. if a file system on the device is mounted). New devices can be added using echo "scsi add-single-device <h> <b> <t> <l>" > /proc/scsi/scsi where the variables are host, bus (channel), target (scsi id) and lun. The success (or otherwise) of this command can be determined by sending a subsequent cat /proc/scsi/scsi command. [1] The SCSI subsystem does not support hot-plugging of SCSI devices (there may also be electrical issues on the associated SCSI parallel bus). It is recommended that those who use add+remove-single-device make sure that other devices on that SCSI bus are inactive if re-plugging is going to take place. To output a list of internal SCSI command blocks use echo "scsi dump <n>" > /proc/scsi/scsi where the numeric value of <n> doesn't matter. This is probably only of interest to people chasing down bugs within the SCSI subsystem. To start (or stop) logging information being sent to the console/log use echo "scsi log <token> <n>" > /proc/scsi/scsi where <token> is one of: {all, none, error, timeout, scan, mlqueue, mlcomplete, llqueue, llcomplete, hlqueue, hlcomplete, ioctl} and <n> is a number between 0 and 7. The tokens "all" and "none" don't take an <n> argument. Prefix meanings: hl upper level drivers [exception: sg uses "timeout"] ml mid level ll lower level drivers [adapter drivers often have there own flags] The value "0" turns off logging while "7" maximizes the volume of output. Logging information will only be output if CONFIG_SCSI_LOGGING was selected in the kernel build.'''Warning''''''': "scsi log all" (and several other variants) can cause a logging infinite loop if the log file (typically /var/log/messages ) lies on a SCSI disk. Either turn off the kernel logging daemon or direct its output to a non SCSI device. Notes [1] The parsing of "add-single-device" and "remove-single-device" is rather inflexible. Hence it is best to stay close to the demonstrated syntax with no extra spaces (and no tabs).'''Something else to check/try: Add irqpoll to grub''' <pre>'''gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst '''</pre> # '''defoptions=quiet splash noapic irqpoll''' ''''sudo update-grub'''' === '''WiFi''' === '''Although often WiFi will work out of the box, sometimes a particular WiFi card will work in either Ubuntu 6.06 LTS or 6.10 but not both. Therefore if you are having problems with your WiFi you may want to try a different version of Ubuntu. See WirelessNetworking for instructions on how to configure your wireless connection. If you are still having problems with your WiFi you can try to manually configure the interface. In some cases there may be more than one method to get your wireless card to work. Make sure to keep track of which set of instructions you have followed in order to avoid unnecessary repetition. The first step is to identify which wifi card you have so that you can pick the relevant set of instructions, to do this type the following in the terminal:''' <pre>'''lspci '''</pre> '''The output you are looking for will look similar to this:''' <pre>'''00:09.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4306 802.11b/g Wireless LAN Controller (rev 03) '''</pre> '''Once you have identified your WiFi card you can proceed to the [[UbuntuHelp:WifiDocs|WifiDocs]] page and pick the relevant instructions (don't let the long list scare you, you only need the relevant entries). Please note that Ubuntu 6.06 and 6.10 do not natively support WiFi access to WPA encrypted networks. You will be required to install additional packages to access such networks. For further information please read [[UbuntuHelp:WifiDocs/WPAHowTo|WifiDocs/WPAHowTo]] For further information, see the [[UbuntuHelp:WirelessTroubleShootingGuide|Wireless Troubleshooting Guide]].''' === '''Winmodem''' === '''''No information yet.''''' === '''Printers''' === '''''No information yet.''''' == '''Multimedia''' == '''People sometimes have problems with certain types of audio and video file, or do not like the default multimedia applications. See below for information on working with multimedia in Ubuntu:''' * '''[[UbuntuHelp:RestrictedFormats|Restricted Formats]] - Information on playing multimedia files which use restricted formats''' * '''[[UbuntuHelp:MultimediaApplications|Multimedia Applications]] - Listings of multimedia software available with Ubuntu''' == '''System Administration''' == '''Sometimes you may need to perform administrative tasks on your system. This section provides help with some common administrative tasks.''' === '''Mounting Disk Partitions''' === '''Sometimes, in order to access a hard drive (or a partition on the hard drive), you must ''mount'' the hard drive. Mounting is when Ubuntu connects a disk to itself, thus making it available for access. Different disks/partitions can have different ''file system types''. A file system is a way of organizing information on a disk, and much initial configuration depends on the tye of file system the disk has.''' ==== '''Windows''' ==== '''To mount a Windows disk for both reading and writing:''' # '''For ''vfat'' (FAT32) format disks, use <code><nowiki>umask=000</nowiki></code>''' # '''For ''NTFS'' format disks, use [http://doc.gwos.org/index.php/NTFS-3g ntfs-3g] and an <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code> entry something like this:''' <pre>'''/dev/hda1 /media/windows ntfs-3g defaults 0 0 '''</pre> '''1.#3 An alternate is ntfs-config. ntfs-config uses ntfs-3g to mount windows partitions via a GUI. See [http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/mountwindows Mount Windows (Psychocats)] and [http://doc.gwos.org/index.php/Ntfs-config ntfs-config (GWOS)] for more information.''' ==== '''Linux''' ==== '''To set permissions:''' # '''Mount the partition''' # '''Use ''chmod'' on the directory which you mounted the disk to by typing something like <code><nowiki>sudo chmod 755 /mount/point</nowiki></code> into a Terminal''' '''To mount a partition at boot you will need to edit the <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code> file. For an overview of fstab see [http://doc.gwos.org/index.php/Understanding_fstab Understanding fstab (GWOS)]. If you would like to access EXT2 and EXT3 partitions from Windows, take a look at [http://www.fs-driver.org/url FS-Driver]. See [http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/mountlinux Mount Linux (Psychocats)] for more information.''' == '''Server Install''' == '''Server installs typically have no GUI, and servers may administered remotely via SSH or Webmin. If you are new to server installs you can add a light window manager such as Fluxbox, [[UbuntuHelp:IceWM|IceWM]], Openbox, or the Ubuntu desktop.''' ---- [[Category:CategoryCleanup]] [[Category:UbuntuHelp]]
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