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查看“UbuntuHelp:UsingUUID”的源代码
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{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UsingUUID}} {{Languages|UbuntuHelp:UsingUUID}} https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconDisks.png Linux now prefers to use '''UUID''' (Universally Unique Identifier), '''LABEL''', or symlinks to identify media storage devices on a system. Directly using <code><nowiki>/dev/hd*#</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>/dev/sd*#</nowiki></code> is no longer preferred since these device assignments can change between system boots: * all filesystems should be specified by <code><nowiki>UUID=<id></nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>LABEL=<name></nowiki></code> for each partition. * all physical devices should be specified by a symlink, like <code><nowiki>/dev/cdrom</nowiki></code> for a cd drive and <code><nowiki>/dev/disk/by-id/...</nowiki></code> for each physical hard drive. https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=PicDocs.png The files for which UUID is most critical: * <code><nowiki>/boot/grub/menu.lst</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>/etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume</nowiki></code> This page uses the terminal a lot, so if you are new to this, see [[UbuntuHelp:UsingTheTerminal|UsingTheTerminal]]. == Finding UUIDs == https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png UUIDs can be determined using the <code><nowiki>vol_id</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>blkid</nowiki></code> commands. The first command is used on individual partitions, the second command lists for all attached devices (mounted or not). https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=example.png Here are examples (your output will be different, but similarly formatted). The command: <pre><nowiki> sudo vol_id -u /dev/sda2 </nowiki></pre> Note: The utility vol_id doesn't exist in Karmic. (for an ext3 filesystem) produces an output similar to: <pre><nowiki> 30fcb748-ad1e-4228-af2f-951e8e7b56df</nowiki></pre> and the command: <pre><nowiki> sudo blkid </nowiki></pre> produces an output similar to: <pre><nowiki> /dev/sda1: TYPE="ntfs" UUID="72C0DE8EC0DE57C5" LABEL="windows" /dev/sda2: UUID="30fcb748-ad1e-4228-af2f-951e8e7b56df" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" /dev/sda5: TYPE="swap" UUID="8c4e69f8-5074-42c0-8134-0b2429c4c02c" /dev/sdb1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="4848-E35A" TYPE="vfat" </nowiki></pre> Alternatively you can list them from their listing in your root filesystem: <pre><nowiki> ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/ </nowiki></pre> produces an output similar to: <pre><nowiki> total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-04 03:10 30fcb748-ad1e-4228-af2f- 951e8e7b56df -> ../../sda2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-07 16:51 4848-E35A -> ../../sdb1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-04 03:10 72C0DE8EC0DE57C5 -> ../../sda1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-04 03:10 8c4e69f8-5074-42c0-8134-0b2429c4c02c -> ../../sda5</nowiki></pre> == Converting to UUIDs == https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=info.png https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png If you are using Ubuntu 6.06 [[UbuntuHelp:DapperDrake| Dapper Drake]] LTS, you can use these commands to "upgrade" to UUIDs. '''All other supported versions of Ubuntu automatically use UUIDs, so this is not necessary.''' You may be interested in having a look, anyway. === Fstab === For <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code>: <pre><nowiki> sudo rm /etc/fstab.pre-uuid sudo /var/lib/dpkg/info/volumeid.postinst configure </nowiki></pre> === Grub === For <code><nowiki>/boot/grub/menu.lst</nowiki></code>: <pre><nowiki> sudo update-grub </nowiki></pre> === Resuming from Hibernation === For <code><nowiki>/etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume</nowiki></code>, there is no automatic procedure. You must manually verify that <code><nowiki>RESUME=UUID=<some_UUID></nowiki></code> where <code><nowiki><some_UUID></nowiki></code> matches the UUID for the <code><nowiki>swap</nowiki></code> line in your <code><nowiki>/etc/fstab</nowiki></code> file. First check the contents of the files: <pre><nowiki> cat /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume cat /etc/fstab | grep swap </nowiki></pre> If the UUIDs do not match or do not exist in the <code><nowiki>resume</nowiki></code> file, open it for editing one of the following: <pre><nowiki> gksudo gedit /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume sudo nano -Bw /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume </nowiki></pre> Now add the correct UUID to the <code><nowiki>resume</nowiki></code> file in the format <pre><nowiki> RESUME=UUID=<swap_UUID></nowiki></pre> Save and close. '''After any adjustment, run:''' <pre><nowiki> sudo update-initramfs -u </nowiki></pre> == Using LABEL == https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNotes.png Labels can be very useful for external media, like flash drives and USB hard drives since these are generally automounted by <code><nowiki>hal</nowiki></code> (Hardware Abstraction Layer). If a device has a label, it will be mounted at the <code><nowiki>/media/<label></nowiki></code> location and appear with the label on the desktop. https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconTip.png For help with labeling devices, see [[UbuntuHelp:RenameUSBDrive|RenameUSBDrive]]. == Symlinks == https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconHandPointing.png Symlinks (symbolic links) are used to make it easier to identify a device. For example <code><nowiki>/dev/cdrom</nowiki></code> can link to <code><nowiki>/dev/scd0</nowiki></code>. These are normally created by '''udev''' which is the device manager program used in the Linux 2.6 kernel series. We will not cover creating your own symlinks here (may be added later). https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconExample48.png Other examples of symlinks include <code><nowiki>/dev/floppy</nowiki></code> to <code><nowiki>/dev/fd0</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>/dev/dvd</nowiki></code> to <code><nowiki>/dev/scd1</nowiki></code> . You can view the linked device on a symlink with the <code><nowiki>ls</nowiki></code> command, like so: <pre><nowiki> ls -l /dev/cdrom </nowiki></pre> produces an output similar to: <pre><nowiki> lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 2008-06-22 17:31 /dev/cdrom -> scd0</nowiki></pre> This tell us that <code><nowiki>/dev/cdrom</nowiki></code> is a symlink to the device <code><nowiki>/dev/scd0</nowiki></code> . To view the physical device identifiers (like for a hard drive, not to be confused with a disk's partitions), the command: <pre><nowiki> ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/ </nowiki></pre> produces an output similar to: <pre><nowiki> total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G -> ../../sda lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part1 -> ../../sda1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part2 -> ../../sda2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part3 -> ../../sda3 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 ata-Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part5 -> ../../sda5 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 2008-06-22 17:31 ata-LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034 -> ../../sdb lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 17:31 ata-LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034-part1 -> ../../sdb1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G -> ../../sda lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part1 -> ../../sda1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part2 -> ../../sda2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part3 -> ../../sda3 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 10:30 scsi-1ATA_Hitachi_HTS541080G9AT00_MPB4PAX6H6B68G-part5 -> ../../sda5 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 2008-06-22 17:31 scsi-1ATA_LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034 -> ../../sdb lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2008-06-22 17:31 scsi-1ATA_LEXAR_ATA_FLASH_13523623189499090034-part1 -> ../../sdb1</nowiki></pre> Note that each partition (called ''part#'') identifies with their parent device - this is because they exist on that physical piece of hardware. You will also notice that the drives and partitions appear twice, the first time as '''ata''' and the second time as '''scsi'''. I am unclear as to why this is, but I believe it is related to IDE hard drives being identified to the system as SCSI drives (because of ide-scsi emulation?). == Other Resources == https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconBook-small.png Here are some other useful and related pages. * [[UbuntuHelp:Fstab|Fstab]] * [[UbuntuHelp:RenameUSBDrive|RenameUSBDrive]] - help with adding LABELs to partitions * [[UbuntuHelp:LinuxFilesystemsExplained|LinuxFilesystemsExplained]] * [http://ubuntu.wordpress.com/2006/03/01/editing-fat32-partition-labels-using-mtools/ Editing FAT32 Partition Labels using mtools]. [[category:UbuntuHelp]]
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